Environmental Influences on Wintering Duck Abundance at Great Salt Lake, Utah
نویسندگان
چکیده
—North American waterfowl winter throughout a large geographic area, and the choice of wintering site has a direct impact on survival and fitness. Climatic and food variables are the most commonly cited factors influencing abundance and distribution of wintering migratory birds, including waterfowl. We conducted stratified aerial surveys at a northern latitude wintering site, Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, to describe the importance of this wintering area and to examine the influence of weather and food on the abundance of total ducks, Northern Shovelers (Anas clypeata), and goldeneye species (Bucephala spp.). Surveys indicated that up to 270,000 ducks use the GSL during winter, making it an important wintering area in the Pacific Flyway. Peak abundance of total ducks was positively correlated with overwinter temperatures. Northern Shoveler abundance was positively correlated with elevation of the GSL; higher lake elevation indicated more open water and hence more overwintering habitat. Goldeneye abundance was correlated with the continental population of the species and food abundance. All models had moderate fit (r2 > 0.40). The GSL is unique in the United States as it is a large body of water where consistent ice cover does not occur and foraging habitat is available to ducks throughout winter. Our results suggest that ambient temperature and habitat availability are primary factors in the abundance of total wintering waterfowl, though food abundance seemed to influence wintering population size of individual duck species. We hypothesize that ducks endure the cold, hypersaline conditions on the GSL to exploit the abundant food supply and remain close to primary breeding regions. RESUMEN.—Las aves acuáticas de América del Norte pasan el invierno en un área geográfica grande, y la elección del sitio en donde pasan el invierno tiene un impacto directo en la supervivencia y en la adecuación. Las variables climáticas y alimenticias son los factores comúnmente citados que influyen en la abundancia y la distribución de los sitios de invierno de las aves migratorias, incluidas las aves acuáticas. Llevamos a cabo un monitoreo aéreo estratificado en un sitio de invierno en latitud norte, Gran Lago Salado (GSL), Utah, para describir la importancia de este sitio de invierno, y estudiar la influencia del clima y el alimento en la abundancia total de patos, patos cuchara (Anas clypeata), y especies de porrones (Bucephala spp.). Los monitoreos indicaron que hasta 270,000 patos utilizan el GSL durante el invierno, por lo que es un área de invierno muy importante en la ruta migratoria del Pacífico (Pacifico Flyway). La abundancia pico de patos en total se correlacionó positivamente con las temperaturas del invierno. La abundancia de patos cuchara se correlacionó positivamente con la elevación del GSL; elevaciones mayores del lago indicaron más agua abierta y por lo tanto mayor sitio para habitar durante el invierno. La abundancia de porrones se correlacionó con la población continental de cada especie y la abundancia de alimento. Todos los modelos tuvieron un ajuste moderado (r2 > 0.40). El GSL es único en los Estados Unidos, ya que es un cuerpo de agua muy grande en donde no se forma una capa de hielo consistente y el hábitat de forrajeo está disponible para los patos durante todo el invierno. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la temperatura del ambiente y la disponibilidad de hábitat son factores primarios en la abundancia total de aves acuáticas en invierno, aunque la abundancia de alimento pareció influenciar el tamaño poblacional durante el invierno de especies de patos. Proponemos que los patos pueden soportar el frio y la hipersalinidad del GSL lo que les ayuda a explotar las fuentes de alimento y así permanecer cerca de las regiones de reproducción primarias. 1Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT. 2Intermountain West Joint Venture, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Missoula, MT. 3E-mail: [email protected]
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